The Kubiak group is working to utilize CO2, an abundant greenhouse gas, for the ultimate manufacture of more complex and useful organic molecules including isocyanates di-alkyl carbonates. These efforts have concentrated on CO2 activation and reduction of CO2 by chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical means, and the development of catalysts for transforming CO2 to organic products. We are employing semiconductor devices with appropriate band energies to photochemically "split" CO2 to CO and O.